Software validation checks if the product meets design intent.

CAN FD allows larger data payload than standard CAN.

An actuator can be both electrical and hydraulic.

Real-time systems respond within fixed time limits.

MIL testing uses real hardware.

In model-based design, code is written manually.

HIL testing stands for Hardware in the Loop.

The CAN bus uses two wires for communication.

ISO 14229 defines the UDS protocol.

Functional safety focuses on risk reduction in ECUs.